Tiempo de ventilación mecánica invasiva y lesión renal aguda en pacientes críticos / Invasive Mechanical Ventilation Time and Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients

Introducción: La evidencia científica vincula el uso de la ventilación mecánica invasiva con una mayor probabilidad de desarrollar lesión renal aguda, pero la falta de consenso sobre esta asociación no es infrecuente. Objetivo: Identificar la relación entre tiempos de ventilación mecánica y la aparición y gravedad de la lesión renal aguda. Métodos: Cohorte histórica realizada en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Distrito Federal, Brasil, entre 2016 y 2018. La población fue compuesta por 387 pacientes, pero la muestra consistió en 52 pacientes que necesitaron ventilación mecánica invasiva durante una semana y dos. El registro de los datos se realizó en un cuestionario estructurado compuesto por variables de identificación, datos clínicos, variables hemodinámicas y parámetros de laboratorio. Para los análisis de asociación se utilizaron las pruebas de Chi-cuadrado, Exacta de Fisher y Mann-Whitney. Los resultados con p < 0,05 se consideraron significativos. Resultados: La lesión renal aguda de diferentes severidades predominó en más de la mitad de los pacientes (55,80 por ciento), siendo el estadio 2 más prevalente (aproximadamente 30 por ciento ). Los pacientes que permanecieron en ventilación mecánica durante una semana o dos mostraron una disminución del riesgo de lesión renal aguda (OR 0,85; IC del 95 por ciento: 0,72 a 0,99, p = 0,038) y OR 0,77; IC 95 por ciento 0.63-0.94, p = 0,010, respectivamente). Conclusión: La lesión renal aguda de diferentes severidades estuvo presente en pacientes con ventilación mecánica invasiva. Sin embargo, el tiempo de ventilación mecánica solo no fue determinante de lesión renal aguda(AU)

Introduction: Scientific evidence associates the use of invasive mechanical ventilation with a higher probability of developing acute kidney injury, but the lack of consensus on this association is not uncommon. Objective: To identify the relationship between mechanical ventilation times and the onset and severity of acute kidney injury. Methods: Historical cohort carried out, between 2016 and 2018, in an intensive care unit of the Federal District, Brazil. The population consisted of 387 patients, but the sample consisted of 52 patients who required invasive mechanical ventilation for one week and two. The data were recorded with a structured questionnaire composed of identification variables, clinical data, hemodynamic variables and laboratory parameters. Chi-square, Fisher's exact and Mann-Whitney tests were used for the association analysis. Results with P < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Acute kidney injury of different severity degrees predominated in more than half of the patients (55.80 percent), stage 2 being the most prevalent (approximately 30 percent). Patients who remained on mechanical ventilation for a week or two showed a decreased risk for acute kidney injury (OR: 0.85, 95 percent CI: 0.72-0.99, P = 0.038 and OR: 0.77, 95 percent CI: 0.63-0.94, P = 0.010, respectively). Conclusion: Acute kidney injury of different severity degrees was present in patients with invasive mechanical ventilation. However, the time of mechanical ventilation alone was not a determinant of acute kidney injury(AU)

Influência de fatores clínicos na lesão renal aguda / Influence of clinical factors on acute kidney injury / Influencia de factores clínicos en la lesión renal aguda

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a relação entre variações do clearance de creatinina (ClCr) e os fatores clínicos de pacientes internados em clínica médica. Material e Método: Estudo longitudinal, do tipo coorte prospectivo, quantitativo, realizado em um hospital público do Distrito Federal. 85 pacientes evoluíram com Lesão Renal Aguda (LRA), de acordo com a classificação Kidney Disease: Improving Glogal Guidelines (KDIGO). O acompanhamento foi até 1 mês pós-alta hospitalar. A gravidade dos pacientes foi medida através do Índice de Comorbidade de Charlson. Considerou-se significativo resultados com p ≤ 0,05. Resultados: 51,8% dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino. Entre as comorbidades se destacaram hipertensão arterial (70,6%), diabetes mellitus (57,6%) e as cardiopatias (52,9%). O tempo de permanência hospitalar (p= 0,001) e a idade (p= 0,05) estiveram associadas a pior função renal. Pacientes com ClCr ≤ 30 ml/min estiveram associados a uma maior taxa de mortalidade (p= 0,007). Conclusão: Idade avançada e maior tempo de internação hospitalar se associaram a piora da função renal (ClCr < 60 ml/min). Àqueles com severa piora da função renal (ClCr < 30 ml/min) apresentaram maior taxa mortalidade.

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the relationship between variations in creatinine clearance (ClCr) and clinical factors in hospitalized patients in internal medicine. Material and Method: A prospective, quantitative, cohort study conducted at the medical clinic of a public hospital in Distrito Federal. 85 patients progressed with Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), according to the Kidney Disease Improving Glogal Guidelines (KDIGO) classification. Patients were followed-up to 1 month after hospital discharge. Patient severity was measured using the Charlson Comorbidity Index. Results with p ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. Results: 51.8% of the patients were male. Most common comorbidities were hypertension (70.6%), diabetes mellitus (57.6%) and heart disease (52.9%). The length of hospital stay (p = 0.001) and age (p = 0.05) were associated with worse renal function. Patients with CrCl ≤ 30 ml/min were associated with a higher mortality rate (p = 0.007). Conclusion: Older patients and longer hospital stay were associated with worsening renal function (CrCl < 60 ml/min). Those with severe worsening of renal function (CrCl < 30 ml/min) presented higher mortality rate.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Verificar la relación entre variaciones del clearance de creatinina (CLCr) y los factores clínicos de pacientes internados en medicina interna. Material y Método: Estudio longitudinal, del tipo cohorte prospectivo, cuantitativo, realizado en un hospital público del Distrito Federal. 85 pacientes evolucionaron con Lesión Renal Aguda (LRA), de acuerdo con la clasificación de las normas KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Guidelines). El seguimiento fue hasta 1 mes post-alta hospitalaria. La gravedad de los pacientes fue medida a través del Índice de Comorbilidad de Charlson. Se consideraron significativos resultados con p ≤ 0,05. Resultados: 51,8% de los pacientes eran del sexo masculino. Entre las comorbilidades se destacaron hipertensión arterial (70,6%), diabetes mellitus (57,6%) y las cardiopatías (52,9%). El tiempo de permanencia hospitalaria (p = 0,001) y la edad (p = 0,05) estuvieron asociadas a la peor función renal. Los pacientes con ClCr ≤ 30 ml/min estuvieron asociados a una mayor tasa de mortalidad (p = 0,007). Conclusión: Edad avanzada y el mayor tiempo de internación hospitalaria se asociaron al empeoramiento de la función renal (ClCr < 60 ml/ min). Aquellos con severo empeoramiento de la función renal (CLCr < 30 ml/min) presentaron mayor tasa de mortalidad.

Long-Term Follow-Up Evaluation of Renal Function in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Cardiac Surgery.

Background. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication of cardiac surgery but its long-term consequences, in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), are not known. Methods. We compared the long-term prognoses of CKD patients who developed (n = 23) and did not develop (n = 35) AKI during the period of hospitalization after undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). Fifty-eight patients who survived (69.6 ± 8.4 years old, 72% males, 83% Whites, 52% diabetics, baseline GFR: 46 ± 16 mL/min) were followed up for 47.8 ± 16.4 months and treated for secondary prevention of events. Results. There were 6 deaths, 4 in the AKI+ and 2 in the AKI- group (Log-rank = 0.218), two attributed to CV causes. At the end of the study, renal function was similar in the two groups. One AKI- patient was started on dialysis. Only 4 patients had an increase in serum creatinine ≥ 0.5 mg/dL during follow-up. Conclusion. CKD patients developing AKI that survived the early perioperative period of coronary intervention present good renal and nonrenal long-term prognosis, compared to patients who did not develop AKI.

RIFLE e AKIN: impacto na predição da injúria renal aguda em pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca / RIFLE y AKIN: impacto en la predicción de la injuria renal aguda durante el periodo postoperatorio de cirugía cardíaca / RIFLE and AKIN: impact in predicting acute kidney injury in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery

Introducción: la tasa de supervivencia por enfermedades renales continúa siendo un problema de salud prevalente. Objetivo: comparar el desempeño de las clasificaciones RIFLE y AKIN en la evaluación de la función renal durante el periodo postoperatorio de cirugía cardíaca. Métodos: estudio longitudinal, prospectivo y cuantitativo con 207 pacientes, acompañados durante el 1º y 2º días del periodo postoperatorio inmediato de cirugías cardíacas. Resultados: predominaron los pacientes hipertensos, de raza blanca y del sexo masculino, con tasa de mortalidad de 2,9 por ciento. La incidencia de afección renal aguda fue de 76,3 por ciento y 80,7 por ciento por las clasificaciones RIFLE y AKIN, respectivamente. Las dos clasificaciones mostraron un poder similar para la identificación de dicha afección por los criterios de flujo urinario y creatinina. El índice de masa corporal y tiempo de internación en la Unidad Cuidados Intensivos mostraron ser factores de riesgo para afección renal aguda. Conclusión: la incidencia de afección renal aguda permanece elevada y el desempeño de las clasificaciones RIFLE y AKIN para la evaluación de la función renal en periodo postoperatorio de cirugía cardíaca fue similar(AU)

Introduction: the survival rate for renal diseases remains a prevalent health problem. Objective: to compare the performance of RIFLE and AKIN classifications in renal function assessment in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery. Method: prospective, longitudinal study, with quantitative approach, sample of 207 patients in postoperative period of cardiac surgery followed for the first 72 hours after surgery. Results: patients were predominantly hypertensive, Caucasian and males with mortality rate of 2.9 percent. The incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) was 76.3 percent and 80.7 percent according to AKIN and RIFLE classifications, respectively. Both classifications showed similar power for AKI identification, using both creatinine and urinary output criteria. Body mass index and length of stay in ICU have been shown to be risk factors for AKI. Conclusion: the incidence of AKI remains high and the performance of RIFLE and AKIN classification for renal function assessment after cardiac surgery was similar(AU)

Does urinalysis predict acute renal failure after heart surgery?

Acute renal failure (ARF) usually develops in 5% to 30% of patients undergoing heart surgery and is associated with a more complicated clinical evolution course and with an excessive mortality of up to 80%. The objective of this study was to verify the frequency of ARF in postoperative coronary artery bypass surgery with and without cardiopulmonary bypass, by the evaluation of renal function markers' performance [plasma creatinine, plasma urea, urinalysis, fractional excretion of sodium, creatinine clearance and Alpha-glutathione S-transferase (alpha-GST)], besides to verify possible relations between clinical variables involved in postoperative heart surgery and the occurrence of renal insufficiency.